Zingel zingel
The fusar is the largest representative of the genus *Zingel*, a benthic percid specialized for life on the bottom of large rivers with moderate current. Unlike its smaller relatives (*Z. streber*), the fusar prefers deeper waters with a relatively fast current, being less sensitive to impoundments (reservoirs) than the danure. It can survive in the upper reaches of reservoirs on the Danube where there is sufficient littoral habitat and moderate currents over the bottom (25-35 cm/s). The elongated, fusiform body is perfectly adapted for benthic life. Mainly nocturnal activity. Over 100 large dams threaten >50% of the species' habitat in the Balkans.
Elongated fusiform body, cylindrical in cross-section, with a dorso-ventrally compressed head. Subterminal mouth. Two separate dorsal fins. Colouration greyish-brown on the back with 4–5 dark transverse oblique bands on the flanks, alternating with paler areas. Pale yellowish-white belly. Usual length 25–35 cm, maximum 48 cm and up to 1 kg. The largest benthic perch in the Danube and the most conspicuous representative of the genus.
Endemic to the Danube and Dniester basins in Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania, present in the Danube and major tributaries. Prefers deep water with moderate to fast current and hard substrates of sand and gravel. Unlike the streber, it tolerates reservoir conditions in reaches with active currents. A benthic, nocturnal species that hides by day under stones or in bottom depressions.
Nocturnal benthic carnivore: feeds on aquatic invertebrates (crustaceans, insect larvae), fish eggs, and small fish. Active at night, concealed by day. Moves in short spurts along the bottom, similar to the streber. As the largest benthic perch in Romanian rivers, it plays an important role in regulating small fish populations in the deep-water zone.
Sexual maturity at 2–3 years. Spawning March–May, with adhesive eggs deposited on stones or submerged plants. Incubation 2–3 weeks. Lifespan 8–10 years — one of the greatest longevities in the genus Zingel. Slow but continuous growth throughout life; large individuals are indicators of stable, undisturbed habitats.
Least Concern (LC) globally, but significantly threatened by dams and hydropower plants that fragment habitat and eliminate the natural flow regimes required for reproduction. Chains of hydropower installations can extirpate the species from entire river systems (e.g. upper Mur, lower Drau, Drina, Bosna). Protection of free-flowing river sections with natural substrate and bottom currents is essential for maintaining viable populations.